The voltage regulation is defined as the change in the magnitude of receiving and sending voltage of the transformer. The voltage regulation determines the ability of the transformer to provide the constant voltage for variable loads.
When the transformer is loaded with continuous supply voltage, the terminal voltage of the transformer varies. The variation of voltage depends on the load and its power factor.
If the secondary terminals of the transformer are open-circuited or no load is connected to the secondary terminals, the no-load current flows through it.
If the no current flows through the secondary terminals of the transformer, the voltage drops across their resistive and reactive load become zero. The voltage drop across the primary side of the transformer is negligible.
If the transformer is fully loaded, i.e., the load is connected to their secondary terminal, the voltage drops appear across it. The value of the voltage regulation should always be less for the better performance of the transformer.
The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of useful output power to the input power. The input and output power are measured in the same unit. Its unit is either in Watts (W) or KW.
It is already explained above that the speed of a dc motor is inversely proportional to the flux per pole. Thus by decreasing the flux, speed can be increased and vice versa.
To control the flux, a rheostat is added in series with the field winding, as shown in the circuit diagram. Adding more resistance in series with the field winding will increase the speed as it decreases the flux. In shunt motors, as field current is relatively very small, Ish2R loss is small. Therefore, this method is quite efficient. Though speed can be increased above the rated value by reducing flux with this method, it puts a limit to maximum speed as weakening of field flux beyond a limit will adversely affect the commutation.
Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf Eb and Eb = V - IaRa. That means, when supply voltage V and the armature resistance Ra are kept constant, then the speed is directly proportional to armature current Ia. Thus, if we add resistance in series with the armature, Ia decreases and, hence, the speed also decreases. Greater the resistance in series with the armature, greater the decrease in speed.
